The Rise of Smart Clothing Textiles Integrated with Sensors and Biometric Monitoring

Smart textiles for personalized healthcare

1. Wang, C., Horby, P. W., Hayden, F. G. & Gao, G. F. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Lancet 395, 470473 (2020).

   Article Google Scholar

2. Schwalbe, N. & Wahl, B. Artificial intelligence and the future of global health. Lancet 395, 15791586 (2020).

   Article Google Scholar

3. Howitt, P. et al. Technologies for global health. Lancet 380, 507535 (2012).

   Article Google Scholar

4. Kerr, E. A. & Hayward, R. A. Patient-centered performance management: enhancing value for patients and health care systems. JAMA 310, 137138 (2013).

   Article Google Scholar

5. Bierman, A. S. & Tinetti, M. E. Precision medicine to precision care: managing multimorbidity. Lancet 388, 27212723 (2016).

   Article Google Scholar

6. Gray, J. A. M. The shift to personalised and population medicine. Lancet 382, 200201 (2013).

   Article Google Scholar

7. Rose, N. Personalized medicine: promises, problems and perils of a new paradigm for healthcare. Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci. 77, 341352 (2013).

   Article Google Scholar

8. Sultan, N. Reflective thoughts on the potential and challenges of wearable technology for healthcare provision and medical education. Int. J. Inf. Manag. Sci. 35, 521526 (2015).

   Article Google Scholar

9. Ye, S., Feng, S., Huang, L. & Bian, S. Recent progress in wearable biosensors: From healthcare monitoring to sports analytics. Biosensors 10, 205 (2020).

   Article Google Scholar

10. Rai, P. et al. Smart Healthcare Textile Sensor System for Unhindered Pervasive Health monitoring (SPIE, 2012).

11. Wang, S., Bai, Y. & Zhang, T. Wearable Bioelectronics (Elsevier, 2020).

12. Ray, T. R. et al. Bio-integrated wearable systems: a comprehensive review. Chem. Rev. 119, 54615533 (2019).

    Article Google Scholar

13. Kim, J., Campbell, A. S., de vila, B. E.-F. & Wang, J. Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring. Nat. Biotechnol. 37, 389406 (2019).

    Article Google Scholar

14. Araromi, O. A. et al. Ultra-sensitive and resilient compliant strain gauges for soft machines. Nature 587, 219224 (2020).

    Article Google Scholar

15. Chen, G., Fang, Y., Zhao, X., Tat, T. & Chen, J. Textiles for learning tactile interactions. Nat. Electron. 4, 175176 (2021).

    Article Google Scholar

16. Standard Terminology for Smart Textiles ASTM D8248-20 (ASTM, 2020).

17. Yu, L. et al. A tightly-bonded and flexible mesoporous zeolite-cotton hybrid hemostat. Nat. Commun. 10, 1932 (2019).

    Article Google Scholar

18. Si, Y. et al. Daylight-driven rechargeable antibacterial and antiviral nanofibrous membranes for bioprotective applications. Sci. Adv. 4, eaar5931 (2018).

    Article Google Scholar

19. Lee, D. T., Jamir, J. D., Peterson, G. W. & Parsons, G. N. Protective fabrics: metal-organic framework textiles for rapid photocatalytic sulfur mustard simulant detoxification. Matter 2, 404415 (2020).

    Article Google Scholar

20. Meng, K. et al. A wireless textile-based sensor system for self-powered personalized health care. Matter 2, 896907 (2020).

    Article Google Scholar

21. Wang, L. et al. Functionalized helical fibre bundles of carbon nanotubes as electrochemical sensors for long-term in vivo monitoring of multiple disease biomarkers. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 4, 159171 (2020).

    Article Google Scholar

22. Mostafalu, P. et al. A textile dressing for temporal and dosage controlled drug delivery. Adv. Funct. Mater. 27, 1702399 (2017).

    Article Google Scholar

23. Collins, F. S. & Varmus, H. A new initiative on precision medicine. N. Engl. J. Med. 372, 793795 (2015).

    Article Google Scholar

24. Shilo, S., Rossman, H. & Segal, E. Axes of a revolution: challenges and promises of big data in healthcare. Nat. Med. 26, 2938 (2020).

    Article Google Scholar

25. Karim, N. et al. Scalable production of graphene-based wearable e-textiles. ACS Nano 11, 1226612275 (2017).

    Article Google Scholar

26. Ilderem, V. The technology underpinning 5G. Nat. Electron. 3, 56 (2020).

    Article Google Scholar

27. Wang, Q.-W. et al. Multifunctional and water-resistant mxene-decorated polyester textiles with outstanding electromagnetic interference shielding and joule heating performances. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29, 1806819 (2019).

    Article Google Scholar

28. Chen, G. et al. Discovering giant magnetoelasticity in soft matter for electronic textiles. Matter 4, 37253740 (2021).

    Article Google Scholar

29. Fang, Y., Chen, G., Bick, M. & Chen, J. Smart textiles for personalized thermoregulation. Chem. Soc. Rev. 50, 93579374 (2021).

    Article Google Scholar

30. Chen, G., Li, Y., Bick, M. & Chen, J. Smart textiles for electricity generation. Chem. Rev. 120, 36683720 (2020).

    Article Google Scholar

31. Alberghini, M. et al. Sustainable polyethylene fabrics with engineered moisture transport for passive cooling. Nat. Sustain. 4, 715724 (2021).

    Article Google Scholar

32. Sundaram, S. et al. Learning the signatures of the human grasp using a scalable tactile glove. Nature 569, 698702 (2019).

    Article Google Scholar

33. Post, E. R., Orth, M., Russo, P. R. & Gershenfeld, N. E-broidery: design and fabrication of textile-based computing. IBM Syst. J. 39, 840860 (2000).

    Article Google Scholar

34. Carpi, F. & Rossi, D. D. Electroactive polymer-based devices for e-textiles in biomedicine. IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed. 9, 295318 (2005).

    Article Google Scholar

35. Catrysse, M. et al. Towards the integration of textile sensors in a wireless monitoring suit. Sens. Actuators, A 114, 302311 (2004).

    Article Google Scholar

36. Spigulis, J. & Pfafrods, D. Clinical Potential of the Side-Glowing Optical Fibers (SPIE, 1997).

37. Ishijima, M. Monitoring of electrocardiograms in bed without utilizing body surface electrodes. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 40, 593594 (1993).

    Article Google Scholar

38. Ishijima, M. Cardiopulmonary monitoring by textile electrodes without subject-awareness of being monitored. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 35, 685690 (1997).

    Article Google Scholar

39. Lind, E. J. et al. A sensate liner for personnel monitoring applications. in First International Symposium on Wearable Computers 98105 (IEEE, 1997).

40. Rossi, D. D., Santa, A. D. & Mazzoldi, A. Dressware: wearable piezo- and thermoresistive fabrics for ergonomics and rehabilitation. in Proceedings of the 19th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Magnificent Milestones and Emerging Opportunities in Medical Engineering 18801883 (IEEE, 1997).

41. Baps, B., Eber-Koyuncu, M. & Koyuncu, M. Ceramic based solar cells in fiber form. Key Eng. Mater. 206213, 937940 (2002).

    Google Scholar

42. Yamamoto, N. & Takai, H. Electrical power generation from a knitted wire panel using the thermoelectric effect. Electr. Eng. Jpn. 140, 1621 (2002).

    Article Google Scholar

43. Duffy, M. & Carroll, D. Electromagnetic generators for power harvesting. in 2004 IEEE 35th Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference 20752081 (IEEE, 2004).

44. Lee, J. B. & Subramanian, V. Organic transistors on fiber: a first step towards electronic textiles. in IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting 2003 8.3.18.3.4 (IEEE, 2004).

45. Zhang, H. et al. Triboelectric nanogenerator built inside clothes for self-powered glucose biosensors. Nano Energy 2, 10191024 (2013).

    Article Google Scholar

46. Grillet, A. et al. Optical fiber sensors embedded into medical textiles for healthcare monitoring. IEEE Sens. J. 8, 12151222 (2008).

    Article Google Scholar

47. Lyu, S., He, Y., Yao, Y., Zhang, M. & Wang, Y. Photothermal clothing for thermally preserving pipeline transportation of crude oil. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29, 1900703 (2019).

    Article Google Scholar

48. Mordon, S. et al. The conventional protocol vs. a protocol including illumination with a fabric-based biophotonic device (the phosistos protocol) in photodynamic therapy for actinic keratosis: a randomized, controlled, noninferiority clinical study. Br. J. Dermatol. 182, 7684 (2020).

    Google Scholar

49. Shen, J., Chui, C. & Tao, X. Luminous fabric devices for wearable low-level light therapy. Biomed. Opt. Express 4, 29252937 (2013).

    Article Google Scholar

50. Park, S. et al. One-step optogenetics with multifunctional flexible polymer fibers. Nat. Neurosci. 20, 612619 (2017).

    Article Google Scholar

51. Zhang, Z. et al. A colour-tunable, weavable fibre-shaped polymer light-emitting electrochemical cell. Nat. Photon. 9, 233238 (2015).

    Article Google Scholar

52. Liu, M. et al. Large-area all-textile pressure sensors for monitoring human motion and physiological signals. Adv. Mater. 29, 1703700 (2017).

    Article Google Scholar

53. Cho, S.-Y. et al. Continuous meter-scale synthesis of weavable tunicate cellulose/carbon nanotube fibers for high-performance wearable sensors. ACS Nano 13, 93329341 (2019).

    Article Google Scholar

54. Wu, R. et al. Silk composite electronic textile sensor for high space precision 2D combo temperaturepressure sensing. Small 15, 1901558 (2019).

    Article Google Scholar

55. Ding, T. et al. Scalable thermoelectric fibers for multifunctional textile-electronics. Nat. Commun. 11, 6006 (2020).

    Article Google Scholar

56. Sun, T. et al. Stretchable fabric generates electric power from woven thermoelectric fibers. Nat. Commun. 11, 572 (2020).

    Article Google Scholar

57. Jeong, E. G., Jeon, Y., Cho, S. H. & Choi, K. C. Textile-based washable polymer solar cells for optoelectronic modules: Toward self-powered smart clothing. Energy Environ. Sci. 12, 18781889 (2019).

    Article Google Scholar

58. Zhang, N. et al. A wearable all-solid photovoltaic textile. Adv. Mater. 28, 263269 (2016).

    Article Google Scholar

59. Matsuhisa, N. et al. Printable elastic conductors with a high conductivity for electronic textile applications. Nat. Commun. 6, 7461 (2015).

    Article Google Scholar

60. Jin, H. et al. Enhancing the performance of stretchable conductors for e-textiles by controlled ink permeation. Adv. Mater. 29, 1605848 (2017).

    Article Google Scholar

61. Lee, J. et al. Conductive fiber-based ultrasensitive textile pressure sensor for wearable electronics. Adv. Mater. 27, 24332439 (2015).

    Article Google Scholar

62. Li, R. et al. Supercapacitive iontronic nanofabric sensing. Adv. Mater. 29, 1700253 (2017).

    Article Google Scholar

63. Dalton, A. B. et al. Super-tough carbon-nanotube fibres. Nature 423, 703703 (2003).

    Article Google Scholar

64. Etches, J., Bond, I. & Mellor, P. The Manufacturing of Magnetically-Active Fiber-Reinforced Composites for Use in Power Generation (SPIE, 2004).

65. Lee, H. & Roh, J.-S. Wearable electromagnetic energy-harvesting textiles based on human walking. Text. Res. J. 89, 25322541 (2019).

    Article Google Scholar

66. Li, H. et al. Chemical and biomolecule sensing with organic field-effect transistors. Chem. Rev. 119, 335 (2019).

    Article Google Scholar

67. Kim, S. J. et al. A new architecture for fibrous organic transistors based on a double-stranded assembly of electrode microfibers for electronic textile applications. Adv. Mater. 31, 1900564 (2019).

    Article Google Scholar

68. Shi, W., Guo, Y. & Liu, Y. When flexible organic field-effect transistors meet biomimetics: a prospective view of the Internet of Things. Adv. Mater. 32, 1901493 (2020).

    Article Google Scholar

69. Yang, A. et al. Fabric organic electrochemical transistors for biosensors. Adv. Mater. 30, 1800051 (2018).

    Article Google Scholar

70. Hamedi, M., Forchheimer, R. & Ingans, O. Towards woven logic from organic electronic fibres. Nat. Mater. 6, 357362 (2007).

    Article Google Scholar

71. Egusa, S. et al. Multimaterial piezoelectric fibres. Nat. Mater. 9, 643648 (2010).

    Article Google Scholar

72. Qin, Y., Wang, X. & Wang, Z. L. Microfibrenanowire hybrid structure for energy scavenging. Nature 451, 809813 (2008).

    Article Google Scholar

73. Su, Y. et al. Muscle fibers inspired high-performance piezoelectric textiles for wearable physiological monitoring. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 2010962 (2021).

    Article Google Scholar

74. Azimi, B. et al. Electrospinning piezoelectric fibers for biocompatible devices. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 9, 1901287 (2020).

    Article Google Scholar

75. Soin, N. et al. Novel 3-D spacer all fibre piezoelectric textiles for energy harvesting applications. Energy Environ. Sci. 7, 16701679 (2014).

    Article Google Scholar

76. Kwon, C. H. et al. High-power biofuel cell textiles from woven biscrolled carbon nanotube yarns. Nat. Commun. 5, 3928 (2014).

    Article Google Scholar

77. Lv, J. et al. Sweat-based wearable energy harvesting-storage hybrid textile devices. Energy Environ. Sci. 11, 34313442 (2018).

    Article Google Scholar

78. Fan, F.-R., Tian, Z.-Q. & Wang, Z. L. Flexible triboelectric generator. Nano Energy 1, 328334 (2012).

    Article Google Scholar

79. Chen, J. & Wang, Z. L. Reviving vibration energy harvesting and self-powered sensing by a triboelectric nanogenerator. Joule 1, 480521 (2017).

    Article Google Scholar

80. Zhou, Y., Deng, W., Xu, J. & Chen, J. Engineering materials at the nanoscale for triboelectric nanogenerators. Cell. Rep. Phys. Sci. 1, 100142 (2020).

    Article Google Scholar

81. Chen, G., Au, C. & Chen, J. Textile triboelectric nanogenerators for wearable pulse wave monitoring. Trends Biotechnol. 39, 10781092 (2021).

    Article Google Scholar

82. Zhou, Z. et al. Single-layered ultra-soft washable smart textiles for all-around ballistocardiograph, respiration, and posture monitoring during sleep. Biosens. Bioelectron. 155, 112064 (2020).

    Article Google Scholar

83. He, T. et al. Self-sustainable wearable textile nano-energy nano-system (NENS) for next-generation healthcare applications. Adv. Sci. 6, 1901437 (2019).

    Article Google Scholar

84. Jung, S., Lee, J., Hyeon, T., Lee, M. & Kim, D.-H. Fabric-based integrated energy devices for wearable activity monitors. Adv. Mater. 26, 63296334 (2014).

    Article Google Scholar

85. Chen, C. et al. 3D double-faced interlock fabric triboelectric nanogenerator for bio-motion energy harvesting and as self-powered stretching and 3D tactile sensors. Mater. Today 32, 8493 (2020).

    Article Google Scholar

86. Zhong, J. et al. Fiber-based generator for wearable electronics and mobile medication. ACS Nano 8, 62736280 (2014).

    Article Google Scholar

87. Zhou, Y. et al. Giant magnetoelastic effect in soft systems for bioelectronics. Nat. Mater. 20, 16701676 (2021).

    Article Google Scholar

88. Wu, Y., Mechael, S. S., Lerma, C., Carmichael, R. S. & Carmichael, T. B. Stretchable ultrasheer fabrics as semitransparent electrodes for wearable light-emitting e-textiles with changeable display patterns. Matter 2, 882895 (2020).

    Article Google Scholar

89. Ryan, J. D., Mengistie, D. A., Gabrielsson, R., Lund, A. & Mller, C. Machine-washable PEDOT:PSS dyed silk yarns for electronic textiles. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 90459050 (2017).

    Article Google Scholar

90. Aboutalebi, S. H. et al. High-performance multifunctional graphene yarns: toward wearable all-carbon energy storage textiles. ACS Nano 8, 24562466 (2014).

    Article Google Scholar

91. Lund, A. et al. Conducting materials as building blocks for electronic textiles. MRS Bull. 46, 491501 (2021).

    Article Google Scholar

92. Ghosh, S. K. & Mandal, D. Synergistically enhanced piezoelectric output in highly aligned 1D polymer nanofibers integrated all-fiber nanogenerator for wearable nano-tactile sensor. Nano Energy 53, 245257 (2018).

    Article Google Scholar

93. Zheng, Y. et al. Carbon nanotube yarn based thermoelectric textiles for harvesting thermal energy and powering electronics. J. Mater. Chem. A 8, 29842994 (2020).

    Article Google Scholar

94. Nazari, M. et al. Metalorganic-framework-coated optical fibers as light-triggered drug delivery vehicles. Adv. Funct. Mater. 26, 32443249 (2016).

    Article Google Scholar

95. Yan, J. et al. Transformation of oxide ceramic textiles from insulation to conduction at room temperature. Sci. Adv. 6, eaay8538 (2020).

    Article Google Scholar

96. Park, M. et al. Highly stretchable electric circuits from a composite material of silver nanoparticles and elastomeric fibres. Nat. Nanotechnol. 7, 803809 (2012).

    Article Google Scholar

97. Chatterjee, K. & Ghosh, T. K. 3D printing of textiles: potential roadmap to printing with fibers. Adv. Mater. 32, 1902086 (2020).

    Article Google Scholar

98. Loke, G. et al. Digital electronics in fibres enable fabric-based machine-learning inference. Nat. Commun. 12, 3317 (2021).

    Article Google Scholar

99. Duan, X. et al. Large-scale spinning approach to engineering knittable hydrogel fiber for soft robots. ACS Nano 14, 1492914938 (2020).

    Article Google Scholar

100. Huang, Y. et al. Large-scale spinning of silver nanofibers as flexible and reliable conductors. Nano Lett. 16, 58465851 (2016).

     Article Google Scholar

101. Tang, Z. et al. Highly stretchable coresheath fibers via wet-spinning for wearable strain sensors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 66246635 (2018).

     Article Google Scholar

102. Zhao, Y. et al. A moss-inspired electroless gold-coating strategy toward stretchable fiber conductors by dry spinning. Adv. Electron. Mater. 5, 1800462 (2019).

     Article Google Scholar

103. Wang, Q. et al. Melt spinning of low-cost activated carbon fiber with a tunable pore structure for high-performance flexible supercapacitors. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 3, 93609368 (2020).

     Article Google Scholar

104. Nayeem, M. O. G. et al. All-nanofiberbased, ultrasensitive, gas-permeable mechanoacoustic sensors for continuous long-term heart monitoring. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 70637070 (2020).

     Article Google Scholar

105. Allison, L., Hoxie, S. & Andrew, T. L. Towards seamlessly-integrated textile electronics: methods to coat fabrics and fibers with conducting polymers for electronic applications. Chem. Commun. 53, 71827193 (2017).

     Article Google Scholar

106. Samanta, A. & Bordes, R. Conductive textiles prepared by spray coating of water-based graphene dispersions. RSC Adv. 10, 23962403 (2020).

     Article Google Scholar

107. Zheng, C. et al. Superhydrophobic and flame-retardant alginate fabrics prepared through a one-step dip-coating surface-treatment. Cellulose 28, 59735984 (2021).

     Article Google Scholar

108. Park, Y., Park, M.-J. & Lee, J.-S. Reduced graphene oxide-based artificial synapse yarns for wearable textile device applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28, 1804123 (2018).

     Article Google Scholar

109. Zhang, M. et al. Printable smart pattern for multifunctional energy-management e-textile. Matter 1, 168179 (2019).

     Article Google Scholar

110. Cao, R. et al. Screen-printed washable electronic textiles as self-powered touch/gesture tribo-sensors for intelligent humanmachine interaction. ACS Nano 12, 51905196 (2018).

     Article Google Scholar

111. Shahariar, H., Kim, I., Soewardiman, H. & Jur, J. S. Inkjet printing of reactive silver ink on textiles. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11, 62086216 (2019).

     Article Google Scholar

112. Yan, W. et al. Thermally drawn advanced functional fibers: new frontier of flexible electronics. Mater. Today 35, 168194 (2020).

     Article Google Scholar

113. Loke, G., Yan, W., Khudiyev, T., Noel, G. & Fink, Y. Recent progress and perspectives of thermally drawn multimaterial fiber electronics. Adv. Mater. 32, 1904911 (2020).

     Article Google Scholar

114. Wang, Z. et al. Designer patterned functional fibers via direct imprinting in thermal drawing. Nat. Commun. 11, 3842 (2020).

     Article Google Scholar

115. Frutiger, A. et al. Capacitive soft strain sensors via multicoreshell fiber printing. Adv. Mater. 27, 24402446 (2015).

     Article Google Scholar

116. Wang, Y. et al. 3D-printed all-fiber Li-ion battery toward wearable energy storage. Adv. Funct. Mater. 27, 1703140 (2017).

     Article Google Scholar

117. Zhang, X. et al. Recent advances in functional fiber electronics. SusMat 1, 105126 (2021).

     Article Google Scholar

118. Yu, X. et al. A coaxial triboelectric nanogenerator fiber for energy harvesting and sensing under deformation. J. Mater. Chem. A 5, 60326037 (2017).

     Article Google Scholar

119. Li, R., Xiang, X., Tong, X., Zou, J. & Li, Q. Wearable double-twisted fibrous perovskite solar cell. Adv. Mater. 27, 38313835 (2015).

     Article Google Scholar

120. Xu, X., Xie, S., Zhang, Y. & Peng, H. The rise of fiber electronics. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 58, 1364313653 (2019).

     Article Google Scholar

121. Park, J. W., Kwon, S., Kwon, J. H., Kim, C. Y. & Choi, K. C. Low-leakage fiber-based field-effect transistors with an Al₂O₃MgO nanolaminate as gate insulator. ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. 1, 14001407 (2019).

     Article Google Scholar

122. Zhang, M. C. et al. Carbonized cotton fabric for high-performance wearable strain sensors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 27, 1604795 (2017).

     Article Google Scholar

123. Zhu, M. et al. Self-powered and self-functional cotton sock using piezoelectric and triboelectric hybrid mechanism for healthcare and sports monitoring. ACS Nano 13, 19401952 (2019).

     Google Scholar

124. Andrew, T. L. et al. Melding vapor-phase organic chemistry and textile manufacturing to produce wearable electronics. Acc. Chem. Res. 51, 850859 (2018).

     Article Google Scholar

125. Lee, J. et al. Stretchable and suturable fibre sensors for wireless monitoring of connective tissue strain. Nat. Electron. 4, 291301 (2021).

     Article Google Scholar

126. Fang, Y. et al. Ambulatory cardiovascular monitoring via a machine-learning-assisted textile triboelectric sensor. Adv. Mater. 33, 2104178 (2021).

     Article Google Scholar

127. Coyle, S. et al. Biotexbiosensing textiles for personalised healthcare management. IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed. 14, 364370 (2010).

     Article Google Scholar

128. Yang, Z. et al. Graphene textile strain sensor with negative resistance variation for human motion detection. ACS Nano 12, 91349141 (2018).

     Article Google Scholar

129. Parrilla, M., Cnovas, R., Jeerapan, I., Andrade, F. J. & Wang, J. A textile-based stretchable multi-ion potentiometric sensor. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 5, 9961001 (2016).

     Article Google Scholar

130. Smith, M. K. & Mirica, K. A. Self-organized frameworks on textiles (soft): conductive fabrics for simultaneous sensing, capture, and filtration of gases. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139, 1675916767 (2017).

     Article Google Scholar

131. Zhao, X. et al. Soft fibers with magnetoelasticity for wearable electronics. Nat. Commun. 12, 6755 (2021).

     Article Google Scholar

132. Fan, W. et al. Machine-knitted washable sensor array textile for precise epidermal physiological signal monitoring. Sci. Adv. 6, eaay2840 (2020).

     Article Google Scholar

133. Mattay, V. S. et al. Neurophysiological correlates of age-related changes in human motor function. Neurology 58, 630635 (2002).

     Article Google Scholar

134. Ahn, S. et al. Wearable multimode sensors with amplified piezoelectricity due to the multi local strain using 3D textile structure for detecting human body signals. Nano Energy 74, 104932 (2020).

     Article Google Scholar

135. Luo, Y. et al. Learning humanenvironment interactions using conformal tactile textiles. Nat. Electron. 4, 193201 (2021).

     Article Google Scholar

136. Varatharajan, R., Manogaran, G., Priyan, M. K. & Sundarasekar, R. Wearable sensor devices for early detection of Alzheimer disease using dynamic time warping algorithm. Clust. Comput. 21, 681690 (2018).

     Article Google Scholar

137. Homayounfar, S. Z. et al. Multimodal smart eyewear for longitudinal eye movement tracking. Matter 3, 12751293 (2020).

     Article Google Scholar

138. Jia, Z. et al. Bioinspired conductive silk microfiber integrated bioelectronic for diagnosis and wound healing in diabetes. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 2010461 (2021).

     Article Google Scholar

139. Quandt, B. M. et al. Body-monitoring and health supervision by means of optical fiber-based sensing systems in medical textiles. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 4, 330355 (2015).

     Article Google Scholar

140. Morris, D. et al. Bio-sensing textile based patch with integrated optical detection system for sweat monitoring. Sens. Actuat. B Chem. 139, 231236 (2009).

     Article Google Scholar

141. Rein, M. et al. Diode fibres for fabric-based optical communications. Nature 560, 214218 (2018).

     Article Google Scholar

142. Bennett, A. et al. Monitoring of vital bio-signs by analysis of speckle patterns in a fabric-integrated multimode optical fiber sensor. Opt. Express 28, 2083020844 (2020).

     Article Google Scholar

143. Krehel, M. et al. Development of a luminous textile for reflective pulse oximetry measurements. Biomed. Opt. Express 5, 25372547 (2014).

     Article Google Scholar

144. Peng, Y. & Cui, Y. Advanced textiles for personal thermal management and energy. Joule 4, 724742 (2020).

     Article Google Scholar

145. Afroj, S. et al. Engineering graphene flakes for wearable textile sensors via highly scalable and ultrafast yarn dyeing technique. ACS Nano 13, 38473857 (2019).

     Article Google Scholar

146. Siren; https://siren.care/

147. Shim, B. S., Chen, W., Doty, C., Xu, C. & Kotov, N. A. Smart electronic yarns and wearable fabrics for human biomonitoring made by carbon nanotube coating with polyelectrolytes. Nano Lett. 8, 41514157 (2008).

     Article Google Scholar

148. He, W. et al. Integrated textile sensor patch for real-time and multiplex sweat analysis. Sci. Adv. 5, eaax0649 (2019).

     Article Google Scholar

149. Wang, L. et al. Weaving sensing fibers into electrochemical fabric for real-time health monitoring. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28, 1804456 (2018).

     Article Google Scholar

150. Jia, T. et al. Moisture sensitive smart yarns and textiles from self-balanced silk fiber muscles. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29, 1808241 (2019).

     Article Google Scholar

151. Ma, L. et al. Full-textile wireless flexible humidity sensor for human physiological monitoring. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29, 1904549 (2019).

     Article Google Scholar

152. Weremczuk, J., Tarapata, G. & Jachowicz, R. Humidity sensor printed on textile with use of ink-jet technology. Procedia Eng. 47, 13661369 (2012).

     Article Google Scholar

153. Rauf, S. et al. Highly selective metalorganic framework textile humidity sensor. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 2999930006 (2020).

     Google Scholar

154. Jeerapan, I., Sempionatto, J. R., Pavinatto, A., You, J.-M. & Wang, J. Stretchable biofuel cells as wearable textile-based self-powered sensors. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 1834218353 (2016).

     Article Google Scholar

155. Xiao, X. et al. An ultrathin rechargeable solid-state zinc ion fiber battery for electronic textiles. Sci. Adv. 7, eabl3742 (2021).

     Article Google Scholar

156. Chen, J. et al. Micro-cable structured textile for simultaneously harvesting solar and mechanical energy. Nat. Energy 1, 16138 (2016).

     Article Google Scholar

157. Cheng, H. et al. Textile electrodes woven by carbon nanotubegraphene hybrid fibers for flexible electrochemical capacitors. Nanoscale 5, 34283434 (2013).

     Article Google Scholar

158. Zhang, N. et al. Photo-rechargeable fabrics as sustainable and robust power sources for wearable bioelectronics. Matter 2, 12601269 (2020).

     Article Google Scholar

159. Davenport, M. et al. New and developing diagnostic technologies for urinary tract infections. Nat. Rev. Urol. 14, 296310 (2017).

     Article Google Scholar

160. Vargas, A. J. & Harris, C. C. Biomarker development in the precision medicine era: lung cancer as a case study. Nat. Rev. Cancer 16, 525537 (2016).

     Article Google Scholar

161. Cook, A. M. & Polgar, J. M. Assistive Technologies e-Book: Principles and Practice (Elsevier, 2014).

162. Awad, L. N. et al. A soft robotic exosuit improves walking in patients after stroke. Sci. Transl. Med. 9, eaai9084 (2017).

     Article Google Scholar

163. Heim, F., Durand, B. & Chakfe, N. Textile heartvalve prosthesis: manufacturing process and prototype performances. Text. Res. J. 78, 11241131 (2008).

     Article Google Scholar

164. Zhou, Z. et al. Sign-to-speech translation using machine-learning-assisted stretchable sensor arrays. Nat. Electron. 3, 571578 (2020).

     Article Google Scholar

165. Palarum; https://palarum.org/

166. Choi, S. et al. Stretchable heater using ligand-exchanged silver nanowire nanocomposite for wearable articular thermotherapy. ACS Nano 9, 66266633 (2015).

     Article Google Scholar

167. Zhao, X. et al. Smart Ti₃C₂T_x mxene fabric with fast humidity response and joule heating for healthcare and medical therapy applications. ACS Nano 14, 87938805 (2020).

     Article Google Scholar

168. Hazarika, A. et al. Woven kevlar fiber/polydimethylsiloxane/reduced graphene oxide composite-based personal thermal management with freestanding CuNi coreshell nanowires. Nano Lett. 18, 67316739 (2018).

     Article Google Scholar

169. Liang, K., Carmone, S., Brambilla, D. & Leroux, J.-C. 3D printing of a wearable personalized oral delivery device: a first-in-human study. Sci. Adv. 4, eaat2544 (2018).

     Article Google Scholar

170. Amjadi, M., Sheykhansari, S., Nelson, B. J. & Sitti, M. Recent advances in wearable transdermal delivery systems. Adv. Mater. 30, 1704530 (2018).

     Article Google Scholar

171. Joo, H. et al. Soft implantable drug delivery device integrated wirelessly with wearable devices to treat fatal seizures. Sci. Adv. 7, eabd4639 (2021).

     Article Google Scholar

172. Lee, H. et al. Device-assisted transdermal drug delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 127, 3545 (2018).

     Article Google Scholar

173. Xiao, X., Chen, G., Libanori, A. & Chen, J. Wearable triboelectric nanogenerators for therapeutics. Trends Chem. 3, 279290 (2021).

     Article Google Scholar

174. Liu, M. et al. Electronic textiles based wearable electrotherapy for pain relief. Sens. Actuat. A Phys. 303, 111701 (2020).

     Article Google Scholar

175. Jeong, S.-H. et al. Accelerated wound healing with an ionic patch assisted by a triboelectric nanogenerator. Nano Energy 79, 105463 (2021).

     Article Google Scholar

176. Shi, X. et al. Large-area display textiles integrated with functional systems. Nature 591, 240245 (2021).

     Article Google Scholar

177. Zhang, X. et al. Two-dimensional MoS₂-enabled flexible rectenna for Wi-Fi-band wireless energy harvesting. Nature 566, 368372 (2019).

     Article Google Scholar

178. Medical Smart Textiles Market by Technology (Textile Sensors, Wearable Technology), by Application (Surgery, Bio-monitoring, Therapy, and Wellness), by End-use (Hospitals and Clinics, Medical Academic and Research Center), and by Region. (Emergen Research, 2021); https://www.emergenresearch.com/industry-report/medical-smart-textiles-market

179. Hexoskin; https://www.hexoskin.com/

180. The Next Generation in Dressable Smart Sensing Medical Device Garment (HealthWatch, 2021); https://healthwatchtech.com/

181. Nextiles; https://www.nextiles.tech/

182. Xenoma; https://xenoma.com/

183. Skiin; https://skiin.com/

184. Texis; https://www.texisense.com/

185. Sensoria Health; https://www.sensoriahealth.com/products/

186. BioSerenity; https://www.bioserenity.com

187. DuPont; https://electronics-imaging.dupont.com/intexar

188. Hitoe; https://www.hitoe.toray

189. Evaluation Procedure for Electrical Resistance of Electronically-Integrated Textiles (AATCC, 2020).

190. Ipc-8921 Requirements for Woven and Knitted Electronic Textiles (e-Textiles) Integrated with Conductive Fibers, Conductive Yarns and/or Wires (IPC, 2019).

191. Textiles and Textile ProductsSmart (Intelligent) TextilesDefinitions, Categorisation, Applications and Standardization Needs (ISO, 2020).

192. Nanowear; https://www.nanowearinc.com/

193. 510(k) Premarket Notification simplECG (FDA, 2016); https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfpmn/pmn.cfm?ID=K161431

194. Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 (FDA, 2020); https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?fr=870.2910

195. 510(k) Premarket Notification Master Caution Device MCD (FDA, 2015); https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=K142476

196. Workshops and Conferences (medical devices). (FDA, 2020); https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20201217211859/;https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/news-events-medical-devices/workshops-conferences-medical-devices

197. Multi-stakeholder Workshop to Support Implementation of the Medical Devices Regulation on DrugDevice Combinations (EMA, 2020); https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/events/multi-stakeholder-workshop-support-implementation-medical-devices-regulation-drug-device

198. Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency; https://www.pmda.go.jp/english/index.html

199. National Medical Products Administration; http://english.nmpa.gov.cn/medicaldevices.html

200. CONTEXT; https://www.context-cost.eu/

201. Xu, X. et al. A real-time wearable UV-radiation monitor based on a high-performance p-CuZnS/n-TiO₂ photodetector. Adv. Mater. 30, 1803165 (2018).

     Article Google Scholar

202. Chen, B. Z., Zhang, L. Q., Xia, Y. Y., Zhang, X. P. & Guo, X. D. A basal-bolus insulin regimen integrated microneedle patch for intraday postprandial glucose control. Sci. Adv. 6, eaba7260 (2020).

     Article Google Scholar

203. Zhou, F. & Chai, Y. Near-sensor and in-sensor computing. Nat. Electron. 3, 664671 (2020).

     Article Google Scholar

204. Loke, G. et al. Computing fabrics. Matter 2, 786788 (2020).

     Article Google Scholar

205. Yin, L. et al. A self-sustainable wearable multi-modular e-textile bioenergy microgrid system. Nat. Commun. 12, 1542 (2021).

     Article Google Scholar

206. Tian, X. et al. Wireless body sensor networks based on metamaterial textiles. Nat. Electron. 2, 243251 (2019).

     Article Google Scholar

207. Liu, S., Ma, K., Yang, B., Li, H. & Tao, X. Textile electronics for VR/AR applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 2007254 (2021).

     Article Google Scholar

208. Tang, T.-C. et al. Materials design by synthetic biology. Nat. Rev. Mater. 6, 332350 (2021).

     Article Google Scholar

209. Kang, J., Tok, J. B. H. & Bao, Z. Self-healing soft electronics. Nat. Electron. 2, 144150 (2019).

     Article Google Scholar

210. Jur, J. S., Sweet, W. J. III, Oldham, C. J. & Parsons, G. N. Atomic layer deposition of conductive coatings on cotton, paper, and synthetic fibers: conductivity analysis and functional chemical sensing using all-fiber capacitors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 21, 19932002 (2011).

     Article Google Scholar

211. Ma, H., Yip, H.-L., Huang, F. & Jen, A. K.-Y. Interface engineering for organic electronics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 20, 13711388 (2010).

     Article Google Scholar

212. Dong, K. et al. Shape adaptable and highly resilient 3D braided triboelectric nanogenerators as e-textiles for power and sensing. Nat. Commun. 11, 2868 (2020).

     Article Google Scholar

213. Standards by ISO/TC 38/SC 24Conditioning Atmospheres and Physical Tests for Textile Fabrics (ISO, 2021); https://www.iso.org/committee/48344/x/catalogue/

214. Smartx; https://www.smartx-europe.eu/

215. He, J. et al. Scalable production of high-performing woven lithium-ion fibre batteries. Nature 597, 5763 (2021).

     Article Google Scholar

216. Chen, L. et al. Textile-based capacitive sensor for physical rehabilitation via surface topological modification. ACS Nano 14, 81918201 (2020).

     Article Google Scholar

217. Peng, Y. et al. Nanoporous polyethylene microfibres for large-scale radiative cooling fabric. Nat. Sustain. 1, 105112 (2018).

     Article Google Scholar

218. Kim, H. et al. Spirally wrapped carbon nanotube microelectrodes for fiber optoelectronic devices beyond geometrical limitations toward smart wearable e-textile applications. ACS Nano 14, 1721317223 (2020).

     Article Google Scholar